In one sentence
A court-supervised foreclosure process required in some states, slower and more costly than non-judicial foreclosure.
The longer version
Judicial foreclosure runs through the courts: the lender files suit, obtains a judgment, and the property is sold under court supervision. It is the required path in some states and provides borrowers more procedural protection.
The slower timeline and higher cost of judicial foreclosure factor into how lenders underwrite recovery in judicial-foreclosure states.
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